## P vs NP – an analogy between analogies

There are few ingredients that  may allow to prove that P=NP, although most people believe in opposite. Here I draw outline.

1. Partition problem: given multiset $a$ with $n$ entries tell whether it is possible to divide it into two miltisets having the same sum. Formally, tell whether there exists vector $x \in \{-1,1\}^n$ such that $\sum \limits_{k=1}^n a_k x_k=0$, or in vector notation $x^T a=0$. This problem is NP-complete.

2. It is possible to encode this problem into minimization of quartic polinomial:
$\mathop{\mbox{min} } \limits_{x \in \mathbb{C} } \sum \limits_{k=1}^n \left( x_k^2-1\right)^2+ \left( \sum \limits_{k=1}^n a_k x_k \right)^2$
The minimum is zero when $x$ exists and is greater than zero otherwise. Moreover, non-zero value is inversely bounded by length of the vector $a$.

3. Non-zero minimum exists if $\exists \lambda_k \geq 0, \gamma >0 | \sum \limits_{k=1}^n \left( x_k^2-1\right)^2+ \left( \sum \limits_{k=1}^n a_k x_k \right)^2 = \sum \lambda_k \mbox{PSD}_k(x) +\gamma$, where $\mbox{PSD}(x)$ is positive semidefinite polynomial ( a polynomial that is non-negative over whole range of values $x$ ), and summation is taken over all PSD.

4. Set PSD polynomials is convex. Therefore, in principle it is solvable in polynomial time. The problem is the generation of rays of positive polynomials. For instance it is easy to generate rays of PSD polynomials consisted of sum squares of polynomials. On the other hand there are plenty of examples of PSD polynomials that are not sum of squares (see for example Reznick, 2007). It is not easy to find all of them.

5. There is a finite basis for polynomials of a fixed degree (4 in this case, Wikipedia) consisting of linear combination of all possible monomials. So there are not too many (polynomial in the number of inputs) basis function that can be used to show non-zero minimum. The question how to generate them.

6. Computer Science PSD: this are PSD that are instances of Computer Science problems having no solution, for example, Partition problem polynomials from (2). For instance, polynomial corresponding to $a= [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]$ is strictly positive. Here we need to generate enough PSD that certainly have no solution. Then we would have a complete basis for PSD polynomials and solve the problem, which would be an instance of linear programming in this case (details for similar problem can be found in Parrilo, 2000, thesis).

7. Partition problem has a nice property of a phase transition (Mertens, 2003). For instance, there is a specific parameter, that when problem is below this parameter probability to obtain solution is 1, and when it is above the probability of perfect partition is 0 for large $n$. Therefore, we have a tool to generate many examples of strictly positive polynomials, and hopefully get a complete basis of positive polynomials with probability tending to 1.

Therefore, we use (7) to generate basis (2), and solve linear program problem in (3). There are high chances that we get certificate for unsolvable problem with probability close to 1 in polynomial time.